California butterfly ray (Gymnura marmorata) fish species and information / pictures of California butterfly ray - Gymnura marmorata

California butterfly ray (Gymnura marmorata) fish species information

Scientific Name
Gymnura marmorata

Common Name
California butterfly ray

Biology
Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).

Classification

Classified By

Cooper, 1864

Class

Sharks and Rays (Elasmobranchii)

Order

Skates and Rays (Rajiformes)

Family

Butterfly rays (Gymnuridae)

Distribution

Region

Eastern Pacific

Distribution

Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.

Range

44°N -

Environment

Climate

Subtropical

Water Temperature From

Unknown °C

Water Temperature To

Unknown °C

Depth From - meters

Unknown m

Depth To - meters

Unknown m

Zone

demersal

Environment

Marine; demersal

Trophic Level

3.95 s.e. 0.65 Based on food items.

Occurs in Marine / Salt water

True

Occurs in Brackish water

False

Occurs in Fresh Water

False

Occurs on Reefs

False

Is kept in Aquariums

False

Physical Size and Genetics

Maximum Length

100.0 cm

Common Length

95.0 cm

Phylogenetic Diversity Index

PD50 = 0.5001 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Human Uses and Population

Human Uses

Fisheries: minor commercial

Vulnerability

Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100)

Resilience

Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Fec assumed to be

Threat To Humans

Venomous (Ref. 4690)

IUCN Red List Status

Data deficient (DD)